The Most Compact High-Performance Sample Concentrator.
New EZ-2 4.0 series evaporators
The Most Compact High-Performance Sample Concentrator
The third generation of the EZ-2 Series is the pinnacle of parallel evaporation that draws on the expertise of Genevac engineers and the experiences of many scientists in the laboratory
System description
The fourth generation of the EZ-2 Series has been redesigned with features to achieve higher performance, more user-friendly, more versatile and with far less environmental impact. Operators can simply load, set, and walk away without need for any special training. The EZ-2 4.0 has also been redesigned to minimize its environmental impact, with low Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerant, a standby mode to help save energy, and reduced use of plastic throughout. The packaging is also recyclable.
Accelerating Breakthroughs In Life Science Research …
The EZ-2 4.0 ensures fast, easy, safe and environmentally-friendly removal of all commonly used solvents and acids. Advanced technologies - including our Dri-Pure® sample protection system which prevents cross-contamination and sample loss due to bumping - allow you to dry, concentrate, or lyophilize - to a 'fluffy' powder and even crystals - with total confidence.
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Features:
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● Touchscreen interface featuring more pre-set methods for frequently-used protocols ensures effortless "day-in, day-out" use
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● Ergonomic redesign with the SpeedTrap™ jar at the front for easy visibility, and simple removal/replacement
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● EXALT technology for crystallization studies such as polymorph screening for added versatility
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● High power lamps and software improvements enhance overall performance
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There are three models in the SP Genevac EZ-2 4.0 Series: Standard, Plus & Elite
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● EZ-2 4.0 Standard is recommended for solvents with boiling points up to 120°C and ideal for evaporating volatiles
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● EZ-2 4.0 Plus is recommended for solvents with boiling points up to 165°C and ideal for evaporating HPLC fractions
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● EZ-2 4.0 Elite is recommended for solvents with boiling points up to 202°C and suitable for evaporating high boiling point solvents and lyophilize aqueous based samples
Product Specialist
Mikael Alfredsson
"Our expert in Digestion, Extraction, Syntesis and Evaporation with more than 20 years experience in the field of sales and service. Contact me for if you have questions or need a quotation"
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031-709 8186
Application Examples
Clinical and Diagnostic Testing
Evaporative sample preparation for forensic and diagnostic clinical tests must be performed scrupulously. Genevac systems are used by clinical biochemists and forensic scientists for a number of testing methodologies, such as vitamin D or K analysis, neonatal screening and forensic toxicology.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is replacing radio-immunoassay (RIA) in Clinical biochemistry analysis, removing the need to use radioactive reagents. One of the Steroid assays performed by hospital clinical labs is for Vitamin D analysis where there is a need to identify the relative abundance of vitamin D2 and D3. Samples are typically extracted into Hexane, concentrated (e.g. using a miVac) and analysed by MS (avoiding ion suppression problems often seen with RIA).
Clinical and forensic toxicology investigations also utilise MS methodology, typically with solid phase extraction and evaporation as part of the sample preparation process. Blood and urine analysis can be utilised as part of a medico-legal investigation into drug-related deaths and drug-facilitated crimes and in the clinical assessment of alcohol/drug consumption. Hair analysis can also provide evidence over time of drug or alcohol abuse, as part of programme compliance for those participating in drug or alcohol dependency treatment or for workplace or health insurance screening. The EZ-2 has been used to streamline the sample preparation process whilst maintaining sample integrity and improving sensitivity.
Tandem MS is also used to identify metabolic disorders which include aminoacidemias, urea cycle disorders, organic acidurias, and fatty acid oxidation disorders. Samples can be presented as plasma, urine, and blood spots or urine on filter paper. Sample preparation techniques can include solvent extraction, acid derivitisation and evaporation prior to reconstitution in a suitable medium for injection to MS. Evaporation of butanolic HCl used for derivatisation using blowdown techniques results in corrosion of the system especially pins/needles/jets which can lead to contamination of samples and erroneous results. The EZ-2 with HCI resistance commonly used for these sample preparation stages. One example would be the test for CAT (carnitine acyl carnitine translocase deficiency) in neonates, an inborn error of metabolism. Lack of this enzyme prevents the body from converting fats into energy. Labs do the initial test on Guthrie cards (dried blood spots). The cards are punched and extracted with 200ul of Methanol. The supernatant is placed into microtitre plates and dried. Samples are then derivatised using approx 100ul 3N HCl in anhydrous Butanol and dried again. Finally, samples are re-suspended in Water & acetonitrile for analysis by MS.
miVac concentrators have been used by the Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory to improve the testing for synthetic insulin analogues in athletes' blood samples. Using the miVac's ability to control conditions during the concentration step the analyst has more confidence that they are seeing the true blood concentration of potential drugs of abuse in the athlete's sample.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is replacing radio-immunoassay (RIA) in Clinical biochemistry analysis, removing the need to use radioactive reagents. One of the Steroid assays performed by hospital clinical labs is for Vitamin D analysis where there is a need to identify the relative abundance of vitamin D2 and D3. Samples are typically extracted into Hexane, concentrated (e.g. using a miVac) and analysed by MS (avoiding ion suppression problems often seen with RIA).
Clinical and forensic toxicology investigations also utilise MS methodology, typically with solid phase extraction and evaporation as part of the sample preparation process. Blood and urine analysis can be utilised as part of a medico-legal investigation into drug-related deaths and drug-facilitated crimes and in the clinical assessment of alcohol/drug consumption. Hair analysis can also provide evidence over time of drug or alcohol abuse, as part of programme compliance for those participating in drug or alcohol dependency treatment or for workplace or health insurance screening. The EZ-2 has been used to streamline the sample preparation process whilst maintaining sample integrity and improving sensitivity.
Tandem MS is also used to identify metabolic disorders which include aminoacidemias, urea cycle disorders, organic acidurias, and fatty acid oxidation disorders. Samples can be presented as plasma, urine, and blood spots or urine on filter paper. Sample preparation techniques can include solvent extraction, acid derivitisation and evaporation prior to reconstitution in a suitable medium for injection to MS. Evaporation of butanolic HCl used for derivatisation using blowdown techniques results in corrosion of the system especially pins/needles/jets which can lead to contamination of samples and erroneous results. The EZ-2 with HCI resistance commonly used for these sample preparation stages. One example would be the test for CAT (carnitine acyl carnitine translocase deficiency) in neonates, an inborn error of metabolism. Lack of this enzyme prevents the body from converting fats into energy. Labs do the initial test on Guthrie cards (dried blood spots). The cards are punched and extracted with 200ul of Methanol. The supernatant is placed into microtitre plates and dried. Samples are then derivatised using approx 100ul 3N HCl in anhydrous Butanol and dried again. Finally, samples are re-suspended in Water & acetonitrile for analysis by MS.
miVac concentrators have been used by the Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory to improve the testing for synthetic insulin analogues in athletes' blood samples. Using the miVac's ability to control conditions during the concentration step the analyst has more confidence that they are seeing the true blood concentration of potential drugs of abuse in the athlete's sample.
Useful Papers:
- Evaluation of the EZ-2 for Forensic Toxicology - Dr Eleanor Miller & Dr Simon Elliott, ROAR Forensics, UK. Evaluated the EZ-2 for use concentrating extracts from hair samples to detect alcohol and drugs of abuse metabolites entrained in the samples
- Evaluation of Evaporative Sample Preparation Techniques for the Extraction of Drugs of Abuse from Urine. Describes the development of a new method for the pre- analytical extraction of drugs of abuse from urine samples pertaining to drug facilitated sexual assault cases. By Forensic Science Ireland (FSI).
- Better Detection of Insulin Analogues - Great care is required when preparing the samples for analysis, this paper evaluates two possible methods (nitrogen blow down & vacuum concentration) and highlights the pitfalls. Study by Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory.
Contact us if you are interested in any of the above papers
DNA & Oligonucleotides
Genevac systems facilitate a wide range of DNA sample preparation and processing activities, ranging from straightforward small volume concentration of DNA pellets prior to PCR, through to high throughput processing of many purified DNA or oligonucleotide samples. Where a dry sample of DNA is required, concentration to dryness in a centrifugal evaporator is the ideal method, presenting the DNA as a dry film in the tube of plate well. Freeze drying of DNA samples is not recommended because the resultant DNA powder is easily blown about or moved by electrostatic charges.
DNA Concentration
Concentration of DNA from samples containing water or a mixture of water and alcohols is a simple process, which for most researchers requires the miVac DNA concentrator. Concentration to remove a few hundred microlitres of alcohol from a DNA pellet takes approximately 10 minutes, or less. This is one of the simplest applications of a Genevac system – in a miVac DNA concentrator, set the temperature, select the method for alcohols or water, and press start.
Oligonucleotides & DNA Purification
The manufacture of oligonucleotides commonly has two steps where evaporation is required, evaporation of ammonia solutions following synthesis, and then subsequent evaporation of purified samples. Protection of oligonucleotides from damage during drying is critical, especially where a tag or label has been attached to the DNA. Two studies by Genevac users show that this can safely be achieved in a Genevac evaporator:
Where samples have been purified by reverse phase HPLC samples are presented in a mixture of water and methanol or acetonitrile. The methods laid out in the Post Purification Sample Handling section should be followed. The imbalance tolerance built into Genevac systems gives researchers confidence that eluates at different ends of the gradient will still dry down, and if there is too much imbalance the system will automatically shut down and tell the user.
Preparation of DNA Microarrays
For certain microarraying techniques concentrated samples of DNA are required. To maintain such a concentration is difficult due to the volatile nature of the buffers holding the DNA, therefore samples should be made up to the required volume immediately prior to analysis. A study by the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics in Oxford has shown that when an EZ-2 is used in this process the data quality returned by the system is significantly better, reducing the no call rate by 80% or more.
DNA Concentration
Concentration of DNA from samples containing water or a mixture of water and alcohols is a simple process, which for most researchers requires the miVac DNA concentrator. Concentration to remove a few hundred microlitres of alcohol from a DNA pellet takes approximately 10 minutes, or less. This is one of the simplest applications of a Genevac system – in a miVac DNA concentrator, set the temperature, select the method for alcohols or water, and press start.
Oligonucleotides & DNA Purification
The manufacture of oligonucleotides commonly has two steps where evaporation is required, evaporation of ammonia solutions following synthesis, and then subsequent evaporation of purified samples. Protection of oligonucleotides from damage during drying is critical, especially where a tag or label has been attached to the DNA. Two studies by Genevac users show that this can safely be achieved in a Genevac evaporator:
- Comparing Evaporators for Drying Oligonucleotides - Catherine McKeen, Eurogentec SA A Rapid,
- Safe Technique for Drying Oligonucleotides - Dr Tim Watts, Wellcome Trust Human Genome Centre
Where samples have been purified by reverse phase HPLC samples are presented in a mixture of water and methanol or acetonitrile. The methods laid out in the Post Purification Sample Handling section should be followed. The imbalance tolerance built into Genevac systems gives researchers confidence that eluates at different ends of the gradient will still dry down, and if there is too much imbalance the system will automatically shut down and tell the user.
Preparation of DNA Microarrays
For certain microarraying techniques concentrated samples of DNA are required. To maintain such a concentration is difficult due to the volatile nature of the buffers holding the DNA, therefore samples should be made up to the required volume immediately prior to analysis. A study by the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics in Oxford has shown that when an EZ-2 is used in this process the data quality returned by the system is significantly better, reducing the no call rate by 80% or more.
Environmental Analysis
Monitoring of the environment for substances potentially harmful to health is a core activity not just for government departments but for many organisations who wish to ensure that they are not harming their staff or the environment. Samples of air, water, soil or plant matter are routinely monitored for the presence of potentially harmful substances – for example, pesticides in river water or the soil. Foodstuffs are similarly monitored.
When testing the water quality of a river, a point sample only provides a snap-shot of the situation, where as monitoring over a period of time will help present a better overall picture and can indicate where there is chronic build-up of a potentially harmful substance(s). Samples of tissue are often taken from fish living in the river are examined to determine the nature of any chemicals in the water. Another more recent approach is to use a virtual fish, a semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD) developed by the US Geological Survey. This is placed in the river for a period of time, and then any organic chemicals are extracted with solvent, concentrated and analysed as they would be from a fish.
Air quality can be monitored similarly by filtering air for a period of time, extracting the filter, and then concentrating and analysing whatever organic molecules may be trapped on the filter. This is a key activity in industrial environments where PAHs may be a risk factor for workers.
When concentrating samples the EZ-2 (small volumes) and Rocket (large volumes) are ideal tools for concentrating in the analytical laboratory. Coupled with SampleGenie they enhance analyte recovery, reduce inter-sample variability and free workers to do more productive tasks than monitoring a concentration system. SampleGenie enables large volume samples to be concentrated directly into an autosampler vial, eliminating the need to transfer the sample.
Useful Papers:
Improving Analysis of Airborne PAHs
Detectionand Quantification of Algal Toxins in Surface Water
Analysis of Glyphosate and its degradation Products in Surface Water
When testing the water quality of a river, a point sample only provides a snap-shot of the situation, where as monitoring over a period of time will help present a better overall picture and can indicate where there is chronic build-up of a potentially harmful substance(s). Samples of tissue are often taken from fish living in the river are examined to determine the nature of any chemicals in the water. Another more recent approach is to use a virtual fish, a semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD) developed by the US Geological Survey. This is placed in the river for a period of time, and then any organic chemicals are extracted with solvent, concentrated and analysed as they would be from a fish.
Air quality can be monitored similarly by filtering air for a period of time, extracting the filter, and then concentrating and analysing whatever organic molecules may be trapped on the filter. This is a key activity in industrial environments where PAHs may be a risk factor for workers.
When concentrating samples the EZ-2 (small volumes) and Rocket (large volumes) are ideal tools for concentrating in the analytical laboratory. Coupled with SampleGenie they enhance analyte recovery, reduce inter-sample variability and free workers to do more productive tasks than monitoring a concentration system. SampleGenie enables large volume samples to be concentrated directly into an autosampler vial, eliminating the need to transfer the sample.
Useful Papers:
Improving Analysis of Airborne PAHs
Detectionand Quantification of Algal Toxins in Surface Water
Analysis of Glyphosate and its degradation Products in Surface Water
Food & Beverage
Quality and safety testing of food and beverages is an area of growing importance, be that for exporters, importers or government bodies, accurate analytical results are critical. In common with many other applications, careful sample preparation is critical, especially when the analyte of interest is volatile.
Genevac systems find application in a number of areas, from testing constituents of beverages such as Cognac or gluten levels in Whisky, to pesticide analysis of fruit and vegetables, antibiotic residues in meats or vitamin levels in cereals. The research and development of Functional Foods where high quality scientific research is carried out also benefits from the speed and quality of a Genevac system. The EZ-2 or Rocket are commonly used, often in conjunction with SampleGenie™, because this delivers automation of sample transfer and gives unparalleled sample recovery and inter-test reproducibility with very low standard deviations, as the studies from the Laboratoire départemental d'analyses de la Drôme clearly establish.
Concentration technology in Genevac systems has been developed with leading analytical laboratories. This, with key technologies like Dri-Pure, ensure that samples are concentrated safely and rapidly. SampleGenie™ is a great aid to concentration because the evaporator only evaporates the solvent contained in the large flask, and not the solvent in the vial. The system detects the end point of evaporation being when the solvent level enters the vial and, once validated, the method will concentrate the sample to the required level. If a precise volume is required in the vial, then the sample must be over concentrated and then made up to the desired level with pure solvent.
For protein analysis, e.g. for nutritional studies, the EZ-2 with HCI resistance option is ideal. Protein digests often require digestion with 6N HCl which is highly corrosive to traditional evaporation systems, however, HCl resistant Genevac systems are designed to withstand daily use of concentrated HCl.
The Rocket has also found an interest application in some of the worlds best restaurants, those that specialise in molecular cuisine, where it is used to concentrate sauces, juices and other natural flavours for the chef to use. Details of how the Rocket is used can be found in a new book; Modernist Cuisine - the Art and Science of Cooking. The Studio Kitchen blog has some interesting receipe ideas, and some of these are also on Kitchen Theory.
Useful Papers:
Genevac systems find application in a number of areas, from testing constituents of beverages such as Cognac or gluten levels in Whisky, to pesticide analysis of fruit and vegetables, antibiotic residues in meats or vitamin levels in cereals. The research and development of Functional Foods where high quality scientific research is carried out also benefits from the speed and quality of a Genevac system. The EZ-2 or Rocket are commonly used, often in conjunction with SampleGenie™, because this delivers automation of sample transfer and gives unparalleled sample recovery and inter-test reproducibility with very low standard deviations, as the studies from the Laboratoire départemental d'analyses de la Drôme clearly establish.
Concentration technology in Genevac systems has been developed with leading analytical laboratories. This, with key technologies like Dri-Pure, ensure that samples are concentrated safely and rapidly. SampleGenie™ is a great aid to concentration because the evaporator only evaporates the solvent contained in the large flask, and not the solvent in the vial. The system detects the end point of evaporation being when the solvent level enters the vial and, once validated, the method will concentrate the sample to the required level. If a precise volume is required in the vial, then the sample must be over concentrated and then made up to the desired level with pure solvent.
For protein analysis, e.g. for nutritional studies, the EZ-2 with HCI resistance option is ideal. Protein digests often require digestion with 6N HCl which is highly corrosive to traditional evaporation systems, however, HCl resistant Genevac systems are designed to withstand daily use of concentrated HCl.
The Rocket has also found an interest application in some of the worlds best restaurants, those that specialise in molecular cuisine, where it is used to concentrate sauces, juices and other natural flavours for the chef to use. Details of how the Rocket is used can be found in a new book; Modernist Cuisine - the Art and Science of Cooking. The Studio Kitchen blog has some interesting receipe ideas, and some of these are also on Kitchen Theory.
Useful Papers:
- An Improved Evaporative Sample Preparation Methodology for Determining Nitrofuran Antibiotic Residues in FoodstuffsKantonales Labor Zurich (KLZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Analysis for pesticides: Method development to increase the recovery of volatile compounds by using EZ-2, a new generation of centrifugal evaporatorEnvironmental Protection Agency of Tuscany (ARPAT), Florence, Italy
- Evaluation of the EZ-2 for Pesticide Analysis Laboratoire départemental d'analyses de la Drôme, Valence, France
- Evaluation of SampleGenie™ for Environmental AnalysisLeochimica Laboratories, Zoppola, Italy
- Evaluation of the Rocket and SampleGenie for Pesticide AnalysisLaboratoire départemental d'analyses de la Drôme, Valence, France
Metabolism & Toxicology Studies
Metabolic and Toxicology studies look at the passage of a drug or chemical into and through the body. They range from routine safety screening for workers potentially at risk to chemicals through to pharmaceutical drug safety testing and drug prescription compliance and monitoring in the clinical environment. Genevac systems provide an invaluable tool to researchers in these environments, providing fast, safe evaporative sample preparation free from artefact, contamination and sample loss.Metabolic and Toxicology studies look at the passage of a drug or chemical into and through the body. They range from routine safety screening for workers potentially at risk to chemicals through to pharmaceutical drug safety testing and drug prescription compliance and monitoring in the clinical environment. Genevac systems provide an invaluable tool to researchers in these environments, providing fast, safe evaporative sample preparation free from artefact, contamination and sample loss.
Applications range from the relatively simple concentration or drying of solvent extracts from tissue samples to qualitatively analyse for the presence of a drug. Two studies using a miVac Concentrator focus on this work:
More complex metabolic studies utilize labelled drug molecules which are fed to subjects. Samples are taken, extracted and separated via HPLC. Multiple samples are often collected in scintillant containing microtitre plates, such as the LumaPlate. These must be carefully dried before analysis via a luminescence reader such as a TopCount. If the plates are crudely dried the labelled molecule does not come into intimate contact with the scintillant providing a false reading. The Genevac EZ-2 and HT-4X have been shown to be excellent for this purpose.
Customers working with larger volumes have shown that SampleGenie is a useful tool to help automate their sample transfer process without adverse effect on sample recovery.
Useful Papers:
If you are interested in any of these papers please contatc us.
Applications range from the relatively simple concentration or drying of solvent extracts from tissue samples to qualitatively analyse for the presence of a drug. Two studies using a miVac Concentrator focus on this work:
- Better Analasys of Insulin Analogues - Dr Catrin Goebel, Australian Sports Drug Testing Lab
- Detection of Diclofenac Residues in Wildlife - Dr Ngaio Richards, Anglia Ruskin University
More complex metabolic studies utilize labelled drug molecules which are fed to subjects. Samples are taken, extracted and separated via HPLC. Multiple samples are often collected in scintillant containing microtitre plates, such as the LumaPlate. These must be carefully dried before analysis via a luminescence reader such as a TopCount. If the plates are crudely dried the labelled molecule does not come into intimate contact with the scintillant providing a false reading. The Genevac EZ-2 and HT-4X have been shown to be excellent for this purpose.
Customers working with larger volumes have shown that SampleGenie is a useful tool to help automate their sample transfer process without adverse effect on sample recovery.
Useful Papers:
- Evaluation of the EZ-2 for Forensic Toxicology - Dr Eleanor Miller & Dr Simon Elliott, ROAR Forensics, UK. Evaluated the EZ-2 for use concentrating extracts from hair samples to detect alcohol and drugs of abuse metabolites entrained in the samples.
- Increasing Metabolite Recoveries in ADMET Studies - Dr Sophie Mcdougall, Sanofi Aventis. Studies showed that by using a Genevac HT-4 evaporator and Luma plates can increase the sensitivity and hence the recoveries as the extra gravitational force applied helps the sample mixture to dry as a tight pellet at the bottom of the well.
- Automation without Robotics - Peter Bennett, Drug Metabolism group at Servier ResearchEvaluation of SampleGenie™ in their laboratory
- Advances in Sample-prep for Metabolite Profiling - Dr Flavio Cinato, Nerviano MSTrials with EZ-2 showed that the optimal balance between speed and minimal compound degradation.
- Improving Productivity in Toxicology Screening - Rob Darrington, GenevacUsing a modern centrifugal evaporator like Genevac EZ-2 provides automation, user safety, reliability of the analysis and productivity
If you are interested in any of these papers please contatc us.
Natural Products Research
Natural products are researched for many reasons, from biodiversity preservation through flavour or fragrance research, to finding a cure for disease. Whatever your reason, Genevac systems are used by researchers who are investigating the properties of the natural environment.
For basic botanical and biological research, the miVac concentrator range are the mainstay for those extracting and purifying DNA or proteins for genome and proteome research.
Genevac systems are widely used by researchers seeking to extract functional molecules from natural sources. A typical process would be to take a tissue (or micro-organism broth) sample and then perform a primary solvent extraction resulting in a large volume of crude extract. The crude extract is often concentrated, for which the Rocket Evaporator is ideal, before being fractionated to isolate each component. Fractionation may use a system such at the Sepbox, one, or two dimensional chromatography which produces many samples from one extract. These samples need to be evaporated before storage or analysis and may require lyophilisation. Genevac HT series evaporators are used for this purpose.
Useful Papers:
For basic botanical and biological research, the miVac concentrator range are the mainstay for those extracting and purifying DNA or proteins for genome and proteome research.
Genevac systems are widely used by researchers seeking to extract functional molecules from natural sources. A typical process would be to take a tissue (or micro-organism broth) sample and then perform a primary solvent extraction resulting in a large volume of crude extract. The crude extract is often concentrated, for which the Rocket Evaporator is ideal, before being fractionated to isolate each component. Fractionation may use a system such at the Sepbox, one, or two dimensional chromatography which produces many samples from one extract. These samples need to be evaporated before storage or analysis and may require lyophilisation. Genevac HT series evaporators are used for this purpose.
Useful Papers:
- High Throughput Natural Product Discovery - a paper by Stephen Pickrahn, IFF
- Rapid Evaporation Processes to Enhance Natural Product Extraction - by Dr John Hester, Principal R&D Engineer – Natural Product Repository Supervisor, University of Mississippi
Parallel Chemistry
Genevac evaporators have been designed from the outset to be robust and withstand the rigors of working in the chemistry laboratory. Systems were used in the early days for Combinatorial Chemistry where routine use of 100% TFA has given systems a tough field testing.
Whether working in drug discovery, flavour or fragrence research, liquid chrystal synthesis or academic reaserch, Genevac systems are the ideal tool for use when performing parallel chemistry. When working with a single sample then a rotary evaporator is ideal, whereas, when you have multiple samples this would be a bottleneck. Spending time just watching a rotary evaporator is not very efficient!
Whether working in drug discovery, flavour or fragrence research, liquid chrystal synthesis or academic reaserch, Genevac systems are the ideal tool for use when performing parallel chemistry. When working with a single sample then a rotary evaporator is ideal, whereas, when you have multiple samples this would be a bottleneck. Spending time just watching a rotary evaporator is not very efficient!
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The main uses for Genevac systems are:
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● Solvent exchange – removal of reaction solvents between stages
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● Re-salt formation – removal of strong acids of bases when changing salt forms. Genevac have a special option for HCl resistance which enables the use of concentrated HCl – ideal for this purpose.
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● Post Purification Handling – removing purification solvents following normal phase, reverse phase or chiral separation. Genevac also offer SampleGenie to enable a large volume to be dried directly into a small storage which eliminates the need to reformat samples from a flask into a vial. Reverse phase HPLC fractions may also be fast lyophilised in some Genevac systems.
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● Compound logistics - transfer to and management of samples in storage conditions and systems, this is often done using DMSO, a notoriously difficult to evaporate high boiling point solvent.
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Depending on the number and nature of samples then one of several Genevac systems may be suitable – the EZ-2 and HT series are designed for working with smaller samples in plates, tubes and vials. When working with large volumes in flasks – then the Rocket evaporator is the most suitable, taking up to 6 flasks.
Useful Papers:
- Reactions involving HCl and their Evaporation - Dr Induka Abeysena, Genevac
- Development of an Evaporator for High Throughput Chemistry- Dr Tom Smith, GSK
- Surviving TFA - Application Note Parallel Dry-Loading of Synthesis Samples onto Silica for Analysis- Dr Nigel Vicker, Bath University Pharmacy Department
- Library Maintenance for the Smaller Pharma Company - poster by Dr Sally Hampton, Ferring Pharmaceuticals
- How to Evaporate High Boiling Point Solvents - Application Note
Contact us if you are interested in any of the above papers
Proteins & Peptides
Protein concentration is an issue that the biological sciences have been dealing with for years. Many aspects of the study of proteins and exploitation of their therapeutic value requires concentration before and after processing. Each process step can range in scale from setting up a sitting drop of 100nl in microtitre plate based crystallization study to purification of the product from 10,000L fermentation. All of the currently available tools have their draw-backs whether it is from yield loss on membranes to dilution from capture columns.
One of the most commonly used techniques at all scales is membrane concentration. At the small scale this is usually based on concentrators that fit in a centrifuge or small pressure based filers both of which rely on dead-end filtration to push the supernatant through a membrane and retain the protein. The small scale methods used suffer badly from concentration polarization a phenomenon observed in membrane concentrations where the protein concentration at the membrane increases due to the removal of liquid, this is analogous to the cake formed in conventional filtration. In larger applications a cross flow membrane is commonly used where the pressure potential for filtration is provided by a tangential flow to the membrane surface.This cross flow helps to reduce the effect of concentration polarization by sweeping the membrane to clear the retained protein; however, due to constant solvent removal within the system there is still a polarization gradient setup at steady state. When a protein reaches ultra-high concentration at the membrane interface then gel formation is likely this can reduce the activity of the protein and, if the regime for re-suspension is not effective, lead to loss of yield. When we couple this to the non-specific binding effects of most membrane systems it makes this a technique that the industry is using for necessity rather than optimized performance.
One alternative for laboratory scale concentration is to use Centrifugal Vacuum concentration where the solvent is boiled from the supernatant under vacuum so that the temperature of boiling is below the denaturation threshold of the protein. This can dramatically improve both the yield after concentration and also the activity of the protein.This technique would not be used on the large scale but finds a niche in the small scale laboratory work, for example preparation of sample prior to screening against a panel of precipitants to determine the optimum conditions for crystallisation prior to XRD. For hanging and sitting drop experiments concentrations greater than 10 to 20 mg/ml are often required, this is very difficult to achieve in membrane based concentrators due to the limiting factors that have been highlighted above. Where the sample has been purified using reverse phase chromatography (typically peptides), leaving the sample in water and organic solvent, this cannot be concentrated using a membrane because the organic solvents damage the membrane. In a vacuum concentrator the sample remains in a micro-centrifuge tube and the volume remaining can be accurately determined by the time of concentration. One potential limitation of this technique is that the salt and buffer components of the solution will also be concentrated, hence this is ideally suited to be a polishing step that is used after a capture column or membrane concentration step and therefore allows the sample to reach the very high concentrations needed for crystallization. The most commonly used systems for these applications are the miVac range of biological concentrators or the EZ-2.
Peptide Synthesis
Peptide synthesis is normally performed using solid phase supported stub with the sequential addition of protected amino acids. Between each addition step, the protected terminal needs to be deprotected so that the next acid can react and join. When the desired peptide sequence is complete, it is cleaved from the solid support, usually using a strong acid such as TFA. The peptide in cleavage cocktail is then dried and purified. Following purification the peptide can be fast lyophilised in a Genevac HT series evaporator or dried using a traditional freeze drier.
Useful Papers:
One of the most commonly used techniques at all scales is membrane concentration. At the small scale this is usually based on concentrators that fit in a centrifuge or small pressure based filers both of which rely on dead-end filtration to push the supernatant through a membrane and retain the protein. The small scale methods used suffer badly from concentration polarization a phenomenon observed in membrane concentrations where the protein concentration at the membrane increases due to the removal of liquid, this is analogous to the cake formed in conventional filtration. In larger applications a cross flow membrane is commonly used where the pressure potential for filtration is provided by a tangential flow to the membrane surface.This cross flow helps to reduce the effect of concentration polarization by sweeping the membrane to clear the retained protein; however, due to constant solvent removal within the system there is still a polarization gradient setup at steady state. When a protein reaches ultra-high concentration at the membrane interface then gel formation is likely this can reduce the activity of the protein and, if the regime for re-suspension is not effective, lead to loss of yield. When we couple this to the non-specific binding effects of most membrane systems it makes this a technique that the industry is using for necessity rather than optimized performance.
One alternative for laboratory scale concentration is to use Centrifugal Vacuum concentration where the solvent is boiled from the supernatant under vacuum so that the temperature of boiling is below the denaturation threshold of the protein. This can dramatically improve both the yield after concentration and also the activity of the protein.This technique would not be used on the large scale but finds a niche in the small scale laboratory work, for example preparation of sample prior to screening against a panel of precipitants to determine the optimum conditions for crystallisation prior to XRD. For hanging and sitting drop experiments concentrations greater than 10 to 20 mg/ml are often required, this is very difficult to achieve in membrane based concentrators due to the limiting factors that have been highlighted above. Where the sample has been purified using reverse phase chromatography (typically peptides), leaving the sample in water and organic solvent, this cannot be concentrated using a membrane because the organic solvents damage the membrane. In a vacuum concentrator the sample remains in a micro-centrifuge tube and the volume remaining can be accurately determined by the time of concentration. One potential limitation of this technique is that the salt and buffer components of the solution will also be concentrated, hence this is ideally suited to be a polishing step that is used after a capture column or membrane concentration step and therefore allows the sample to reach the very high concentrations needed for crystallization. The most commonly used systems for these applications are the miVac range of biological concentrators or the EZ-2.
Peptide Synthesis
Peptide synthesis is normally performed using solid phase supported stub with the sequential addition of protected amino acids. Between each addition step, the protected terminal needs to be deprotected so that the next acid can react and join. When the desired peptide sequence is complete, it is cleaved from the solid support, usually using a strong acid such as TFA. The peptide in cleavage cocktail is then dried and purified. Following purification the peptide can be fast lyophilised in a Genevac HT series evaporator or dried using a traditional freeze drier.
Useful Papers:
- Better Analysis of Insulin Analogues - Dr Catrin Goebel, Australian Sports Drug Testing Lab Examining the effects of sample preparation on data qualityControlled
- Concentration for MALDI-TOF MS - Steve Knight, GenevacLooking at the effects of sample preparation on MALDI targets in cancer research
Post Purification Sample Handling
Depending on the process, and therefore the nature of the samples, then Genevac provides a number of solutions to facilitate post purification sample handling, including reformatting.
Post Purification Handling following removal of purification solvents the sample typically needs to be reformatting from the fraction tubes or flask, into a small vial for compound storage. Genevac developed SampleGenie to enable a large volume to be dried (or lyophilised) directly into a small storage vial which eliminates the need to reformat samples from a flask or multiple tubes into a vial.
Depending on the number and nature of samples then one of several Genevac systems may be suitable – the EZ-2 and HT series are designed for working with smaller samples in plates, tubes and vials. When working with large volumes in flasks – then the Rocket evaporator is the most suitable, taking up to 6 flasks.
Useful Papers:
- Normal Phase HPLC, SFC or Flash chromatography – removal of organic solvents is simple in a Genevac evaporator. Evaporation of Solvent Mixtures is safe when using Dri-Pure which eliminates the effects of bumping.
- Reverse Phase HPLC– evaporation of water and acetonitrile (or methanol) is the principal application of many Genevac systems. A multiple stage method has been developed to remove the organic solvent without freezing the water, remove the water, and then dry any remaining stubborn solvent. Alternatively, the LyoSpeed fast lyopilisation method can be used in Genevac HT series evaporators. Recent advances in condenser technology, in particular the high power -75°C cold trap available with the HT-8 or HT-12, have lead to significant advances in lyophilisation success rates.
Post Purification Handling following removal of purification solvents the sample typically needs to be reformatting from the fraction tubes or flask, into a small vial for compound storage. Genevac developed SampleGenie to enable a large volume to be dried (or lyophilised) directly into a small storage vial which eliminates the need to reformat samples from a flask or multiple tubes into a vial.
Depending on the number and nature of samples then one of several Genevac systems may be suitable – the EZ-2 and HT series are designed for working with smaller samples in plates, tubes and vials. When working with large volumes in flasks – then the Rocket evaporator is the most suitable, taking up to 6 flasks.
Useful Papers:
- Drying HPLC Fractions - applications note
- Fast Lyophilisation for HPLC Fractions - Dr Induka Abeysena & Rob Darrington
- Enhanced LyoSpeed™ with a -75°C Condenser - Rob Darrington
- Integration for High Throughput HPLC Purification - Paul de Fraine, Syngenta & Dr Mike Jones
- Drying Solvent Mixtures - applications note
- Evaluation of the Rocket Evaporation System - paper by Christine Prosser et al., UCB
- Automation of reverse phase HPLC fraction pooling, evaporation, and reformatting
Oils, Fuels and Fats
Working with oils, fuels and fats can be difficult. Whether extracting & recovering additives, evaluating lipid content of foods, characterising reclaimed cooking oils before reprocessing or conversion to biofuels, or investigating drillling test samples - oils can be difficult to dry in turn leading to problems with the analytical instrumentation.
Extraction and separation techniques, be they basic dialysis, Dionex ASE or Counter Current Chromatography, all normally present the sample in a solution of organic solvent. The sample typcially must be dried or concentrated before analysis. Drying all the solvent can be difficult without using very high temperatures or other harsh regimens which may lead to loss of more volatile fractions within the oil. For many such applications, researchers have found that the EZ-2 and the Rocket Evaporator have delivered significant enhancement to their recovery and results. When working with larger solvent volumes, additional benefit is gained by way of productivity savings when used with SampleGenie which enables large volumes to be concentrated or dried directly into a small vial.
Extraction and separation techniques, be they basic dialysis, Dionex ASE or Counter Current Chromatography, all normally present the sample in a solution of organic solvent. The sample typcially must be dried or concentrated before analysis. Drying all the solvent can be difficult without using very high temperatures or other harsh regimens which may lead to loss of more volatile fractions within the oil. For many such applications, researchers have found that the EZ-2 and the Rocket Evaporator have delivered significant enhancement to their recovery and results. When working with larger solvent volumes, additional benefit is gained by way of productivity savings when used with SampleGenie which enables large volumes to be concentrated or dried directly into a small vial.
